linkstream2 microblog

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation

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The main method of producing yogurt is through the lactic acid fermentation of milk with harmless bacteria.[9][14] The primary bacteria used are typically Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, and United States as well as European law requires all yogurts to contain these two cultures (though others may be added as probiotic cultures).[14] These bacteria produce lactic acid in the milk culture, decreasing its pH and causing it to congeal. The bacteria also produce compounds that give yogurt its distinctive flavor. An additional effect of the lowered pH is the incompatibility of the acidic environment with many other types of harmful
bacteria.[9][14]

For a probiotic yogurt, additional types of bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus are also added to the culture.[14]

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https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronasal_smell

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Retronasal smell, retronasal olfaction, or mouth smell, is the ability to perceive flavor dimensions of foods and drinks. Retronasal smell is a sensory modality that produces flavor. It is best described as a combination of traditional smell (orthonasal smell) and taste modalities.[1] Retronasal smell creates flavor from smell molecules in foods or drinks shunting up through the nasal passages as one is chewing. When people use the term “smell”, they are usually referring to “orthonasal smell”, or the perception of smell molecules that enter directly through the nose and up the nasal passages. Retronasal smell is critical for experiencing the flavor of foods and drinks. “}}

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Mark Gerstein, a professor of biomedical informatics, molecular biophysics and biochemistry and computer science, lauded the committee’s creation. It is crucial, he said, to determine a strategy for science at Yale, as opposed to just narrow “tactics,” like specific programs or buildings.

“If we want to maintain our strength as a university — not just in the sciences — we really need to field a full team,” Gerstein said. “It’s like a football team — you can’t win the Super Bowl if you don’t have all the different positions.”

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Gerstein suggested that Yale’s location in New Haven also serves as a “major factor,” potentially hindering success in faculty recruitment. Especially when compared to California, Boston or New York, living in New Haven may be less appealing to potential professors, he added. “}}

Written by Amy Xiong
Photos by Daniel Zhao
Graphics by Rebecca Goldberg
Published on April 27, 2018

https://www.bustle.com/p/what-was-the-profumo-affair-the-crown-implies-prince-philip-stephen-ward-were-connected-7516019/amp

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Yet though that might hold true for rumors of Philip’s infidelities, it seems that most historians agree that The Crown’s decision to create a closer relationship between Philip and Ward than the historical record shows was perhaps a step too far. The New York Times’ review of Season 2 noted that “a plot contrivance” linking Philip more closely to the Profumo scandal ultimately doesn’t pan out well for the show. Perhaps the decision was motivated by the desire to connect historical events more closely to the central cast, or to create more strife in the marriage between Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip.

In any case, fans of the show should remember that while The Crown is great for getting a general sense of events, at the end of the day it’s a television drama, not a history lesson. Not every event portrayed in the show should be taken at face value, and the show’s coverage of the Profumo Affair is one of them.
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Some quick quotes from
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Significant Figures: The Lives and Work of Great Mathematicians Stewart, Ian
Citation (MLA): Stewart, Ian. Significant Figures: The Lives and Work of Great Mathematicians. Basic Books, 2017. Kindle file.
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that I really liked

Each short quote below is preceded by the words “Highlight” & indication of the location in the book.

9 The Heat Operator • Joseph Fourier
Highlight(orange) – Page 91 · Location 1439
The precise form of the equation led Fourier to a simple solution, in a special case. If the initial temperature distribution is a sine curve, with a maximum temperature in the middle which tails away towards the ends, then as time passes the temperature has the same profile, but this decays exponentially towards zero.
10 Invisible Scaffolding • Carl Friedrich Gauss
Highlight(orange) – Page 98 · Location 1536
When Gauss was eight, his schoolteacher Büttner set the class an arithmetic problem. It’s often stated that this was to add the numbers from 1 to 100, but that’s probably a simplification.
14 The Laws of Thought • George Boole
Highlight(orange) – Page 146 · Location 2255
The quadratic is then the square (px + qy) 2 of a linear form. A coordinate change is a geometric distortion, and it carries the original lines to the corresponding ones for the new variables. If the two lines coincide for the original variables, they therefore coincide for the new ones. So the discriminants must be related in such a manner that if one vanishes, so does the other. Invariance is the formal expression of this relationship.
21 The Formula Man • Srinivasa Ramanujan
Highlight(orange) – Page 223 · Location 3480
For the first three years of his life, he scarcely said a word, and his mother feared he was dumb. Aged five, he didn’t like his teacher and didn’t want to go to school. He preferred to think about things for himself, asking annoying questions such as ‘How far apart are clouds?’ Ramanujan’s mathematical talents surfaced early, and by the age of 11 he had outstripped two college students who lodged at his home.
23 The Machine Stops • Alan Turing
Highlight(orange) – Page 251 · Location 3929
After the war Turing moved to London, and worked on the design of one of the first computers, ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory. Early in 1946 he gave a presentation on the design of a stored-program computer –far more detailed than the American mathematician John von Neumann’s slightly earlier design for EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). The ACE project was slowed down by official secrecy about Bletchley Park, so Turing went back to Cambridge for a year,
Highlight(orange) – Page 252 · Location 3940
He worked on phyllotaxis, the remarkable tendency of plant structures to involve Fibonacci numbers 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, and so on, each being the sum of the previous two.
24 Father of Fractals • Benoit Mandelbrot
Highlight(orange) – Page 261 · Location 4084
In general, if the rank-n item has frequency proportional to nc, for some constant c, we speak of a cth power law.
Highlight(orange) – Page 261 · Location 4085
Classical statistics pays little attention to power-law distributions, focusing instead on the normal distribution (or bell curve), for a variety of reasons, some good. But nature often seems to use power-law distributions instead.
Highlight(orange) – Page 265 · Location 4147
Julia, and another mathematician Pierre Fatou, had analysed the strange behaviour of complex functions under iteration. That is, start with some number, apply the function to that to get a second number, then apply the function to that to get a third number, and so on, indefinitely. They focused on the simplest nontrivial case: quadratic functions of the form f( z) = z2 + c for a complex constant c.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium

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Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31. It is in group 13 of the periodic table, and thus has similarities to the other metals of the group, aluminium, indium, and thallium. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite.[5] Elemental gallium is a soft, silvery blue metal at standard temperature and pressure, a brittle solid at low temperatures, and a liquid at temperatures greater than 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (above room temperature, but below the normal human body temperature).
The melting point of gallium is used as a temperature reference point. Gallium alloys are used in thermometers as a non-toxic and
environmentally friendly alternative to mercury, and can withstand higher temperatures than mercury. The alloy galinstan (68.5% gallium, 21.5% indium, and 10% tin) has an even lower melting point of −19 °C (−2 °F), well below the freezing point of water.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Breggin

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Peter Roger Breggin (born May 11, 1936)[1] is an American psychiatrist and critic of shock treatment and psychiatric medication. In his books, he advocates replacing psychiatry’s use of drugs and
electroconvulsive therapy with psychotherapy, education, empathy, love, and broader human services.[2]
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Common #schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes & in regions under strong background selection
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-018-0059-2 50 novel SCZ loci & 145 loci in total, from #GWAS – associated w/ 33 candidate causal genes

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We report a new genome-wide association study of schizophrenia (11,260 cases and 24,542 controls), and through meta-analysis with existing data we identify 50 novel associated loci and 145 loci in total. Through integrating genomic fine-mapping with brain expression and chromosome conformation data, we identify candidate causal genes within 33 loci.
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Common schizophrenia alleles are enriched in mutation-intolerant genes and in regions under strong background selection
Nature Genetics (2018)
doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0059-2

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/suzanne-corkin-who-studied-the-mind-of-a-man-with-no-memory-dies-at-79/2016/06/04/010b267a-29ab-11e6-ae4a-3cdd5fe74204_story.html?utm_term=.4a05f1294a73
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In fact, they grew up a few miles apart, and Dr. Corkin lived on the same street as Scoville, the doctor who performed the operation on H.M. in 1953. Scoville later renounced experimental brain surgery and suggested H.M. as a possible research subject to Brenda Milner, a neuroscientist who became Dr. Corkin’s mentor at McGill.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe

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The medial temporal lobe consists of structures that are vital for declarative or long-term memory. Declarative (denotative) or explicitmemory is conscious memory divided into semantic memory (facts) and episodic memory (events).[4]:194 Medial temporal lobe structures that are critical for long-term memory include the hippocampus, along with the surrounding hippocampal region consisting of the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal neocortical regions.[4]:196 The hippocampus is critical for memory formation, and the surrounding medial temporal cortex is currently theorized to be critical for memory storage.[4]:21 The prefrontal and visual cortices are also involved in explicit memory.[4]:21

Research has shown that lesions in the hippocampus of monkeys results in limited impairment of function, whereas extensive lesions that include the hippocampus and the medial temporal cortex result in severe impairment.[5]

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