linkstream2 microblog

https://select-statistics.co.uk/blog/hidden-data-and-surviving-a-sinking-ship-simpsons-paradox/

continuous version of the paradox

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804872/

QT:[[”
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled significant progress in the past 5 years in investigating genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. Large scale, multi-cohort GWAS of mainly Caucasian, smoking, populations have identified strong associations for lung cancer mapped to chromosomal regions 15q [nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits: CHRNA3, CHRNA5], 5p (TERT-CLPTM1L locus) and 6p (BAT3-MSH5). Some studies in Asian populations of smokers have found similar risk loci, whereas GWAS in never smoking Asian females have identified associations in other chromosomal regions, e.g., 3q (TP63), that are distinct from smoking-related lung cancer risk loci. GWAS of smoking behaviour have identified risk loci for smoking quantity at 15q (similar genes to lung cancer susceptibility: CHRNA3, CHRNA5) and 19q (CYP2A6).
“]]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem

collider bias

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3523303/

discusses NDE & NIE

http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/27/4/363.long

QT:[[”
The first GWAS on lung cancer were reported in 2008. Three independent studies identified a susceptibility locus on chromosome 15q. Hung and colleagues (14) found two SNPs strongly associated with lung cancer on chromosome 15q25. Further genotyping in this region revealed many SNPs in tight linkage disequilibrium (LD) showing evidence of association. Six genes are located in this region including three nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (CHRNA5, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4). Interestingly, no appreciable variation in the risk was found across smoking categories or histologic subtypes of lung cancer. In a second GWAS, a SNP within the CHRNA3gene was strongly associated with smoking quantity and nicotine dependence (15). The same SNP was also strongly associated with lung cancer. The results suggest that the variant on chromosome 15q25 confers risk of lung cancer through its effect on tobacco addiction.
“]]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819361/

Cites the classic paper:

Baron, R. M. and Kenny, D. A. (1986) “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research – Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51(6), pp. 1173–1182.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation_(statistics)

https://data.library.virginia.edu/introduction-to-mediation-analysis/

QT:[[”
To analyze mediation:
1. Follow Baron & Kenny’s steps
2. Use either the Sobel test or bootstrapping for significance testing. “]]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kruskal

UCB bias correspondent

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/187/4175/398

Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions: Data from Berkeley

P. J. Bickel1, E. A. Hammel1, J. W. O’Connell1

Science 07 Feb 1975:
Vol. 187, Issue 4175, pp. 398-404
DOI: 10.1126/science.187.4175.398

A type of Simpson’s paradox