https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Doctors_Study
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The British Doctors’ Study was a prospective cohort study which ran from 1951 to 2001, and in … Context[edit]. Although there had been suspicions of a link between smokingand various diseases, the evidence for this link had been largely circumstantial. … The original study was run by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag
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Sontag died in New York City on 28 December 2004, aged 71, from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome which had evolved into acute myelogenous leukemia.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27306511
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The overview showed a 15% significant relative reduction in breast cancer mortality due to invitation to mammography screening. Heterogeneity in age, trial time, attendance rates, and length of screening intervals may have contributed to the variation in effect between the trials.
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benefit accruing to older women only
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Strax
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Philip Strax (January 1, 1909 – March 9, 1999) was a radiologist who pioneered the use ofmammography to screen for early breast cancer. With co-investigators statistician Sam Shapiro and surgeon Louis Venet he conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing outcomes of 60,000 women who received either mammogram and clinical breast exam (study group) or "usual practices in receiving medical care" (control group).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Salomon_(surgeon)
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The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, known earlier as Pap smear, cervical smear, or smear test) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap_test
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The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, known earlier as Pap smear, cervical smear, or smear test) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Marshall
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Barry James Marshall, AC,[1] FRACP, FRS,[3] FAA (born 30 September 1951) is an Australian physician, Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine, and Professor of Clinical Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Marshall and Robin Warrenshowed that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the cause of most peptic ulcers, reversing decades of medical doctrine holding that ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and too much acid. This discovery has allowed for a breakthrough in understanding a causative link between Helicobacter pylori infection and stomach cancer.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3047495/
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Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus has been linked epidemiologically to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma for more than 30 years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_test
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The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations in the DNA of the test organism. More formally, it is a biological assay to assess the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evarts_Ambrose_Graham
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Graham himself had been a long-term cigarette smoker until his own research supported a link between smoking and disease, and he ironically died from lung cancer in 1957.
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