https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Doctors_Study
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The British Doctors’ Study was a prospective cohort study which ran from 1951 to 2001, and in … Context[edit]. Although there had been suspicions of a link between smokingand various diseases, the evidence for this link had been largely circumstantial. … The original study was run by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill.
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http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=183306
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In 1950, when Wynder and Graham published their landmark article in JAMA about the link between smoking and lung cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_sweeps’_carcinoma
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Chimney sweep’s cancer, also called Soot wart, is a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the scrotum. It has the distinction of being the first reported form of occupational cancer, and was initially identified by Percivall Pott in 1775.[1] It was initially noticed as being prevalent amongst chimney sweeps.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9164814
Bailar JC 3rd1, Gornik HL.NEJM
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Despite decades of basic and clinical research and trials of promising new therapies, cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We assessed overall progress against cancer in the United States from 1970 through 1994 by analyzing changes in age-adjusted mortality rates."}}
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– John Cairns, a cancer analyst at the Harvard School of Public Health, likens the statistical advances reported by official cancer agencies and leading cancer scientists to the inflated and meaningless body counts used to measure progress in the Vietnam War. ”Their body counts are way too high,” he said in an interview. ”It’s like interrogating a general in Saigon. They come up with statistics that don’t add up.”
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen
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In the late 1950s, pharmaceutical companies were actively researching a newly discovered class of anti-estrogen compounds in the hope of developing a morning-after contraceptive pill. Arthur L Walpole was a reproductive endocrinologist who led such a team at the Alderley Park research laboratories of ICI Pharmaceuticals. It was there in 1966 that Dora Richardson first synthesised tamoxifen, known then as ICI-46,474.[59] Walpole and his colleagues filed a UK patent covering this compound in 1962, but patent protection on this compound was repeatedly denied in the US until the 1980s.[60]
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http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199310283291801#t=article
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When treated with effective multiagent chemotherapy, about two thirds of children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia survive for long periods of time1-4. Much of this success can be credited to more intensive early treatment, especially of patients at higher risk of relapse.
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Result of Pinkel ’79 study
chariots of fire & Downton Abbey in roughly same period
http://m.imdb.com/title/tt0787524/
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The story of the life and academic career of the pioneer Indian mathematician, Srinivasa Ramanujan, and his friendship with his mentor, Professor G.H. Hardy.
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Synthetic microbe lives with fewer than 500 genes from @JCVenterInst http://www.ScienceMag.org/news/2016/03/synthetic-microbe-lives-less-500-genes 179 of the 479 genes have unknown functions
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“The microbe’s streamlined genetic structure excites evolutionary biologists and biotechnologists, who anticipate adding genes back to it one by one to study their effects. “It’s an important step to creating a living cell where the genome is fully defined,” says synthetic biologist Chris Voigt of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. But Voigt and others note that this complete definition remains a ways off, because the function of 149 of Syn 3.0’s genes—roughly one-third—
remains unknown. Investigators’ first task is to probe the roles of those genes, which promise new insights into the basic biology of life.”
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The human body needs folate to make DNA, repair DNA, and methylate DNA as well as to act as a cofactor in certain biological reactions.[11] It is especially important in aiding rapid cell divisionand growth, such as in infancy and pregnancy. Children and adults both require folate to produce healthy red blood cells and prevent anemia.[12] “}}
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid